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Raman-spectroscopic detection in miniaturized free-flow-electrophoresis

At present, the monitoring of chemical and biological production and cleaning processes as well as analytical methods at medical diagnostics in most instances are based on “offline”-methods. Here, samples are taken out of the processes; they are analyzed to their substances at appropriate equipped laboratories by chemical, biochemical or physical methods (for example chromatography, mass spectroscopy or immunoassays). Most of these standard analyzing-techniques are not able to execute continuous analyses directly in process (online). The common “offline”-laboratory-analytics are time consuming, expensive and labor-intensive. Therefrom, very high risks emerge by tardily detected contamination, especially at the production of sensitive and valuable goods e.g. in the domains of pharmaceutical products, chemicals or foods and environmental analytics. As a result, whole product charges may drop. This should be prevented by the use of online analyzing and monitoring methods for chemical and biological processes.

Left: Conventional Free-Flow-Electrophoresis, seperating distance ca 600mm (23.62")
Right: First miniaturized FFE-Cell,
seperating distance ca. 80mm (3.15")

Especially in the matter of biological samples these samples are very complex intermixtures. This simultaneous existence of a multitude of various substances leads to spectral overlap and interference errors. This set of problems is countered by electrophoretic separation and accumulation methods. By miniaturizing conventional free-flow-electrophoresis the consumption of expensive but necessary electrolytes and needful samples should be minimized.

Atomic force microscope (AFM) image of a SERS surface manufactured in the LLG

For the identification and supersensitive detection of the molecular species separated and accumulated by free-flow-electrophoresis, surface enhanced Raman-spectroscopy (SERS) is used. Here, it is taken advantage of the fact that extreme enhancements up to 1014 can be achieved by resonant optical stimulation of surface plasmons within nanostructured gold surfaces. For this purpose several nanostructured surfaces (including surfaces built in the LLG) are tested and characterized regarding their amplification properties and spatial reproducibility of the amplification effect.